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A-bar movement(A-棒儿移位) 306 Ablaut(元音交替) 164 Abney, S.(人名,阿伯尼) 360 accent (see phrasal stress)(重读) accusative case (宾格)248, 251, 265–6, 356, 360–1 accusative possessors in Child English(儿童英语中宾格性领属者)359–61 accusative subjects(儿童英语中宾格性主语) in Child English355–8 in infinitive clauses(非定式小句) 251 acquired language disorders(获得性语言错乱) 13, 213 acquisition of language(语言的获得) (see also developmental linguistics(发展语言学)) 408 acrolect(上层方言) 234 activation in psycholinguistics(心理语言学中的激活作用) 202, 209 active articulator(主动性发音器官) 31 active voice(主动语态) 137 additions in speech errors(言语失误中的追加) 115 Adger, D. (人名,阿杰尔)267 adjacency pairs(邻接对) 401 adjectives(形容词) 130 comparative form of ((形容词)的比较级形式)130 and derivational morphology((形容词)和派生形态学) 144 dimensional(程度(形容词)) 175–6, 177, 179 incorporation((形容词)并入) 161 in language acquisition((语言习中的)形容词) 187 superlative form of (形容词的最高级)130 adjuncts(附加语)249, 331 adverbs(副词) 130, 144 Affected Object(蒙受性宾语) 334–5 affix(词缀) 140 Affix Attachment(词缀附接) 273, 319 affricates(塞擦音) 29 African American Vernacular English (AAVE)(非裔美国人英语方言土语) agreement in(AAVE的一致关系) 233, 237 double negation in(AAVE的双重否定) 297 empty T in(AAVE中的空语类T) 271–2 inversion in(AAVE中的倒装) 311–13 possessives in(AAVE中的所有格或属格) 237 age and variation in language use(年龄与语言运用中的变异) 235–6 age-graded sociolinguistic variables(与年龄段相关的社会语言学变量) 16 Agent(施事) 305, 333, 334–5 agglutinating languages(黏着语) 156–7 agrammatism(语法缺失) (see also Broca’s aphasia(布洛卡失语症)) 214–17,377–82, 385, 408 comprehension errors in(语法缺失中的理解错误) 215, 216–17, 378–80 production errors in(语法缺失中的发音错误) 215–16, 378 agreement (一致关系)135, 137, 144–5, 233, 248 in AAVE(AAVE中的一致关系) 233, 237 in complement clauses(补语小句中的一致关系) 251 in East Anglian English(东央格鲁英语中的一致关系) 233 in EME(EME中的一致关系) 320 operations in syntax(句法中一致关系演算或操作) 264–5, 267–8, 306, 345, 407 in SLI(SLI中的一致关系) 219, 385 in south western English (东南部英语中的一致关系)233 allomorphs(语素变体)152 allomorphy(语素音位变化) 151–2 lexically conditioned(词汇制约的语素音位变化) 152 phonologically conditioned(音系制约的语素音位变化) 152, 220 plural(复数的语素音位变化) 188–9 third person singular present(第三人称单数现在时的语素音位变化) 220 allophones(音位变体)77 allophonic variation(音位的变化) 77 allophony(音位变化) 77 alternation in phonology(音系(学)中的交替) 26, 83–5, 90, 152 alveolars(齿龈音) 30, 109 alveopalatals(齿龈硬腭音) (see palato-alveolars) ambiguity(歧义) (see also structural ambiguity(结构歧义)) 5, 232 amelioration in semantic change(语义变化中的改进现象) 231 American English(美国英语) 55, 63, 71, 227 A-movement(论元移位) 306 Ancient Egyptian(古埃及人) 119 Antecedent(先行语) 277 local for reflexives(约束反身代词的局部先行语) 277–8 anterior as phonological feature(作为音系特征的前部性) 86, 413 anticipations in speech errors(言语错失中的先兆) 115, 117 antonyms(反义词) 176, 208, 209 antonymy(反义关系,反义现象) 176, 177–8 aphasia(失语症) 11–13, 213–19 selective impairment in(失语症中的缺陷或障碍 选择性) 213 apophony (元音交替,元音弱化)(see ablaut) apparent-time method(视时方法后手段) 16, 66 approximant as phonological feature(无擦通音作为音系特征) 412 approximants(无擦通音) 33 in child phonology(儿童音系中的无擦通音) 100–4 Arabic (阿拉伯语)81, 224 arbitrariness of the linguistic sign(语言符号的任意性) 205 argument movement(论元移位) (see A-movement) arguments(论元) 130, 247 Armenian alphabet(亚美尼亚字母或文字) 119 Articles(冠词) ( see also determiners(限定语)) 130, 133 Ash, S. (人名,阿施)237 aspect (体)252 perfect(完成(体)) 252, 261 progressive(进行(体)) 252 aspirated as phonological feature(送气作为音系特征) 87, 413 aspiration(送气音) 35, 75–7, 87–90, 90–1 assimilation(同化现象) (see also harmony(和谐发音)) 5 in Farsi (Farsi中的同化现象) 49 partial(部分同化) 100 target of (同化对象)100 total(整体同化) 100 trigger for(同化的触发者) 100 audience design((面向受众的设计)) 53–4, 409 Austin, J. L. (人名,奥斯汀)394 Australian English(澳大利亚英语) 62, 64, 71, 227 auxiliary copying in children(儿童语言中的助动词拷贝) 295 auxiliary inversion(助动词倒装) 294–6 auxiliary verbs(助动词) 133 difficulties with in SLI(特定语言障碍中助动词使用上的困难) 219, 385 dummy(假性助动词) 319 errors in SLI (SLI中助动词的错失)385 as finite T(助动词作为定式的T) 259, 261 and gapping(助动词和空位) 272 perfect (完成体)136 progressive(进行体) 136 babbling(婴儿发出的咿哑声) 96 back as phonological feature(后部(音)作为音系特征) 413 backtracking in parsing(切分中的回溯法) 373 back vowels(后元音) 36, 109–10 Bailey(贝利), B. 313 Bantu(班图语) 156 bare nominals(光杆名词性成分) 284–5 in Child English(儿童英语中的光杆名词型成分) 358–9 base form of verbs(动词的基础形式/基式) 147 basic level of categorisation((范畴化的基本层级) 194–6, 226, 232 in Wernicke’s aphasia(维尼克失语症中范畴化的基本层级) 217–18 basilect(下层方言) 235 behaviourism(行为主义) 115 Belfast(贝尔法斯特) 51 Belfast English(贝尔法斯特英语)300 Bell(贝尔), A. 53 Bengali(孟加拉人(的),孟加拉语(的)) 71–2, 87 Berko(拨库), J. 189 Bidialectalism(双方言现象) 409 Bilabials(双唇音) 30 Bilingualism(双语现象) 409 Binarity(二分性) of parametric values(参数值的二分性) 314, 317, 320, 321, 325,349, 351 of phonological features(音系特征的二分性) 85 blends(融合) 207–8, 209 in paragrammatism(语法倒错性言语障碍中融合现象) 382 Bloom(布龙姆), L. 355 body of tongue (舌面)(see dorsum) borrowing(借用) 224–5 bound morphemes(粘着语素) 140 in aphasia (失语症者话语中的)216 in SLI(特定语言损伤中的) 219–21 bound variable interpretation of pronouns(约束代词阐释的变量)342–4 bound word(粘着词) 150 Bradford(布莱德福德) 47–8 Braine, M.(人名) 351 Bresnan, J. (人名)246 British English ( 英国英语see also Contemporary Standard English) 62 , 69 –70, 71,227–8, 230 broad transcription(宽式标音) 76 Broca, P. (人名)12 Broca’s aphasia (布洛卡失语症see also agrammatism) 214– 17, 377–82 Broca’s area (布洛卡区)12 Brown, R. (人名)189 Bucholtz, M. (人名)51 Bulgarian (保加利亚语)85 calque(仿造,语义转借) 225 Cambodian (柬埔寨语)38 Canadian English (加拿大英语)227–8 Cantonese (广东话,粤语)79, 81 Cardiff (加迪夫,地名)53 Caribbean English(加勒比式英语) 66 case (格see also genitive case(属格), nominative case(主格),objective case(宾格)) 248 assignment of(格指派) 264, 265–6, 267–8, 345, 356–8,360–1 errors in agrammatism (语法缺失中的格错误)216 errors in SLI(特定语言损伤中的格错误) 385 (拉丁语中的格)in Latin 158 marking in Child English(儿童英语中的格标记) 355–8 structural(结构格) 356 in Turkish(土耳其语中格) 158 categorical perception(范畴感知) 113 causative verb(致使动词) 274–5 Celtic languages(凯饵特语族语言) 164 central vowels(央元音) 36 centre-embedding(中心内嵌现象) 370, 373–4 cerebral cortex(大脑皮层) 11 cerebral hemispheres(大脑半球) 11, 214 chain shift(链移) 66–7 Chambers, J. (人名)227 child grammar(儿童语法) 349–61 child phonology(儿童音系) 96–106 Cherokee(切罗基语) 119 Chicago(芝加哥) 66 Chinese (汉语)43, 119, 156, 224 Chomsky, N. (人名,乔姆斯基)1, 2, 7, 11, 213, 245–6, 314, 325, 377, 407 Chukchee(楚克其人[语]) 160–1 circumfix (框架式词缀see confix) citation form(引用形式,基础形式,原形) 134 clauses(小句)247 bare infinitive(光杆不定试小句) 275–6 complement (小句补语)250–2, 275, 276 as CPs (充任CPs的小句)279, 280, 282, 283, 293, 304, 349, 356, 361 declarative(陈述小句) 279, 280 finite in German SLI(德语SLI小句中的限定性) 385 finite verb in (小句中的限定动词)251, 265–6 force of(小句的语力) 279 function of(小句的功能) 253 in German(德语中的小句) 321–4 infinitive(不定式小句) 275, 276–8 interrogative (疑问小句)279 main(主要小句,主句) 250, 280–1 non-finite verb in(小句中的非定式动词) 251, 281–2 v. phrases(小句和短语) 261–2 relative(关系小句) 253, 367 in sentence perception(句子感知过程中的小句) 367, 368 tensed (v. untensed)(时态小句和非时态小句) 251 as TPs(小句作为TPs) 273, 274, 275–6, 278 click studies(点击调查) 367–8 cliticisation(附着化) 274–6 and copies(附着化和拷贝) 296, 298–9 clitics(附着成分) 150–1 in Spanish(西班牙语中的附着成分) 151 cluster (see consonant cluster) 音丛(参见辅音丛) codas of syllables(音节的节尾(音)) 79–82 in child language(儿童语言中的节尾音) 104–5 cognitive effects of utterances(话语的认知效应) 399 cognitive synonymy(认知同义关系或现象) 174–5 cognitive system(认知系统) language as(语言作为认知系统) 1–14, 409 coherence in discourse(语篇中的连贯) 397 co-hyponyms(共存性下义词/下位词) 172, 209 in Wernicke’s aphasia(维尼克失语症中的共存性下义词) 218 co-indexing(同指标/同标引) 341 Comanche(科曼奇族/语) 225 co-meronyms(共存性局部关系词) 174, 208 comment (v. topic)(话题和评述/述题) 249, 281 Communicative Principle of Relevance(交际的关联原则) 399–400 communities of practice(实践社群) 52 commutation test(接换测试) 390 competence (v. performance)((语言能力)和语言行为/运用)2–3, 9, 264, 339, 367, 370, 375, 388, 408, 409 complement(补语) 130, 247–9, 262 covert(隐性补语)278 interrogative expressions as(疑问表达式充任补语) 297 complementaries(互补性反义词) 176 complementarity(互补性/关系) 176, 177–8 complementary distribution(互补分布) 76 complement clause(补语小句) 250–2 in German(德语中的补语小句) 322 complement clause question(疑问型补语小句) 299–300 complement clause yes-no question(是非型疑问补语小句) 303 complementiser(标句词) 135 declarative(陈述句的标句词) 279 empty(空标句词) 278–83, 284, 299 interrogative(疑问型标句词) 279 complex sentence(复合句) 250–3 compounds(复合词) 148–50, 379, 408 in language acquisition (语言习得中的复合词)191–2 structural ambiguity in(复合词中的结构歧义) 149 synthetic(合成性复合词) 162 comprehension of language (see sentence comprehension, speech perception)(语言理解(参见句子理解、言语感知)) concatenative morphology(并置形态学) 163 concept (v. lexical entry)(概念(和词条)) 205–6, 209, 225, 233 confix(框架词缀/环缀) 162 conjugation (接合)159 consonants(辅音) 28–35 categorical perception of (辅音的类别感知)113 syllabic(成音节性辅音) 41 three-term description of(辅音的三个方面的描写) 34, 61 in writing systems (书写系统中的辅音)119 consonant change (辅音变化)61–4 consonant cluster (辅音丛)41 deletion in(辅音丛中的删除现象) 54–6 simplification in child language(儿童语言中的辅音丛简化现象) 98 consonant harmony(辅音和谐/辅音的协同发音) 99 consonant insertion(辅音插入) 64 consonant loss(辅音丢失) 63 consonant mutation(辅音变换) 164–5 consonantal as phonological feature(作为音系特征的辅音性) 412 constituency tests(成分性测试) 263–4 constituents(结构成分) 249, 263–4 covert (see empty constituents)(隐性成分(参见空成分)) in sentence comprehension(句子了解中的隐性成分) 366 constraints(限制(条件)) in phonology (音系中的限制条件)90–1 in syntax (句法中的限制条件)263, 312–13, 318 Contemporary Standard English (CSE) (当代标准英语)311 questions in(CSE中的疑问句) 311, 313, 316 strong C in(CSE中的强C) 314 weak T in (CSE中的弱T)317, 319 content words (内容词、实词)132 in aphasias (失语症中的内容词或实词)214–15 continuous perception of vowels(元音的连续性感知) 110–11 contour tone(轮廓调或曲折型声调) 43 contrastive sounds(对立音) 77 control(控制) 276 clause(控制小句) 277, 282–3 verbs (控制动词)277 conversation(会话) 245, 388 logic of(会话的逻辑) 395–7 Conversational Analysis (CA)(会话分析) 246, 401–2 conversational implicature(会话涵义) 397 conversational maxims(会话准则) 396–7, 399, 409 conversational particles(会话中的小品词) 400 conversion((词性)转换) 143 Co-operative Principle(合作原则) 396 co-ordinating conjunction(并列连词) 134 co-ordination test(并列关系测试) 263–4, 279–80, 283, 333 copy (trace) of movement(移位拷贝(语迹)) 295, 298–9, 340 in Child English(儿童英语中的移位拷贝) 295 in sentence perception(句子感知中的移位拷贝) 368–70 as variable(移位拷贝作为变量) 341 co-referential interpretation of pronouns(代词的同指阐释) 342, 343 coronal(前舌音/舌冠音) 34 count noun(可数名词) 285 Coupland, N. (人名)53 covert movement (隐性移位)339, 343–5 covert question operator(隐性疑问算子) 302–3, 324 Crossover Principle(跨越原则) 343–4 C Strength Parameter(C强度参数) 314 cumulation(堆积现象) 158 Cutler, A.(人名) 207 Czech(捷克(语)) 81 data of linguistics(语言学语料/数据) 1–2, 117, 170 declarative(陈述句/式) 253–4, 394–5 declension(形态变化,尤其指格变化) 158–9, 160 default cases in phonology(音系(学)中的缺省情况) 90 definitions(定义) 179–81, 193 deictic words(指示性词语) 389, 398 delinking in child phonology(儿童音系中的链接解除现象) 103 demonstratives(指示语) 133 dentals(牙齿,齿音) 31, 109 derivational morphology(派生形态学) 131, 143, 144 in compounds(复合词中的派生形态) 150 in language acquisition(语言习得中的派生形态) 190–2 Derivational Theory of Complexity (DTC)(复杂性推导理论) 367 Derivations(派生(式),推导(式)) in phonology(音系学中的推导(式)) 85 in syntax(句法中的推导(式)) 306 despecification in child phonology(儿童音系中的描写(式)) 103 determiner phrase (DP)(限定词短语/词组) 262, 283–7 in Child English(儿童英语中的限定词词组) 286 determiners (see also articles) (限定词(参见冠词))133, 297 empty(空限定词) 283–7 null in Child English (儿童英语中的空限定词)358 as operators(限定词作为算子) 297 prenominal(名词前的限定词) 286–7 pronominal(代词性限定词) 286–7 quantifying(量化限定词) 284–5, 303 in SLI (SLI中的限定词)219 Detroit (底特律)52, 66 developmental linguistics(发展论语言学) 1, 6–9 DhoLuo(卢奥语,东苏丹语族,尼罗语支) 164 diachronic method in historical linguistics(历史语言学中的历时方法) 15–16 diacritic (附加符号)35 dialect contact(方言接触) 227 dialects(方言) regional (地域方言)14 rhotic(翘舌音方言) 77 rural (乡村方言)228 social(社会方言)14 urban(城市方言) 228 dictionaries(词典、辞书) 179–81 diphthongisation in language change(语言变化中的双元音化) 64 diphthongs(双元音) 38–9 discourse markers(话语标记) 15 discourses(话语) 245 discrimination experiment(辨别力实验) 111 distinctive features(区别性特征) 85, 412, 414 in child phonology(儿童音系中的区别性特征) 101 distribution(分布) 76 dorsals(舌面音) 34 dorsum(舌背、舌面) 31 Do-support(Do支撑) 274 D-projections(D投射) 287, 349 drag chain(拉链) 67 dual-lexicon model of child phonology(音系学中的双词库模型) 104–5 Dutch(荷兰语) 231 Early Modern English (EME)(早期现代英语,初期现代英语) negation in(EME中的否定) 314–20 null subjects in (EME中的空主语)319–20, 351, 352 questions in(EME中的疑问句) 316 strong T in(EME中的强T) 317 East Anglian English(东盎格鲁英语) 63, 64–5 echo question(回声问) 297, 299 Eckert, P. (人名)51–2 Economy Principle(经济原则) 301–2, 314, 318–19, 324 ‘edge’ as target of movement (边缘位置作为移位的目的地)306 education level and language use(教育水平和语言运用/使用) 49 Egyptian cuneiform(古埃及楔形文字) 119 Eimas, P.(人名) 96 elision (省缺)4 ellipsis(省略) 278, 371 Elsewhere Condition(另处原则) 89–90 empty constituents (空成分)246, 271–86, 407, 408 in psycholinguistics(心理语言学中的空成分) 271 in sentence perception(句子感知中的空成分) 368–70 enclitic(后附着) 151 entailment(衍推/蕴含)170–1, 392–3 environment (context) in phonological rules(音系规则中的环境(语境)) 87 errors in speech (言语中的偏误/失误,口误)114–17, 199, 207–9 Estonian(爱沙尼亚语) 38 ethnic group and language use(族群和语言运用/使用) 49–50 exchanges in speech errors (see also word exchanges) (言语失误中的换位现象(参见词的换位))11 4 –16, 11 7 exclamative(感叹句,感叹式) 254 exponent(体现) 145, 152–3, 252, 259, 261 extended exponence(扩展了的体现) 159 extraction site(提取部位) 298 Farsi (Persian) (波斯语(波斯语的))49 Fasold, R.(人名) 272 feature matrix (特征矩阵)86 features(特征) distinctive in phonology(音系学中的区别性特征) 86–90, 177 functional in agrammatism(语法缺失中的功能性特征) 380–2 morphological(形态特征) 153, 163 semantic(语义特征) 176–9 semantic in acquisition(习得中的语义特征) 193 filler-gap dependencies(填充词-空位依存性/关系) 369–70 finite (v. non-finite) verb forms(定式(非-定式)动词形式) 251–3 finiteness in language acquisition (语言习得中的有定性)359–61 Finnish (芬兰语)99, 156 flap (闪音)34 flapping(闪音化) 61 floating features(漂移特征) 101–4, 106 flouting of conversational maxims(对会话准则的藐视) 397, 399 focus(焦点) 282, 389–92 position(位置) 282 focus bar(焦点棒儿) 88 Fodor, J. (人名)201 form (v. lemma)(形式(和内容)) in lexical entries(词条中的形式和内容) 128, 205–7 free morphemes (自由语素)140 Frege, G. (人名)338, 339, 344 French (法语)90–1, 215, 224, 225, 230 frequency effect(频率效应) in paraphasias(言语错乱中的频率效应) 217, 218 in substitution errors(替换语误中的频率效应) 208 fricatives(擦音) 29, 31–3 Frisian(弗里斯兰语) 231 Fromkin, V. (人名)207 front vowels (前(部)元音)36, 109–10 functional categories(功能语类) 132–5, 247, 385 in aphasia(失语症中的功能语类) 214–17, 378–82 comprehension of in agrammatism (语法缺失中功能语类的理解)378–80 in language acquisition(语言习得中的功能语类) 187–8 and pragmatic presupposition(功能语类和语用预设) 393 production of in agrammatism(语法缺失中功能语类的产生) 378 in SLI (SLI中的功能语类)219–21 function words(功能词) 132 gapping(功能词缺项) 272 garden-path sentences(花园幽径句) 10, 370, 374, 408 gender(性范畴) errors in agrammatism(语法缺失中的性范畴错误) 380, 381–2 errors in SLI(SLI中的性范畴错误) 385 in Old English(古英语中的性范畴) 233 gender and language use (性范畴和语言的使用/运用)49, 234 generative grammar(生成语法) 4, 245 generative phonology(生成音系学) 97–8 generic interpretation(通指阐释) of determiners(限定词的通指阐释) 284 genetic endowment and language(遗传本能与语言) 7, 13–14, 188, 311 and language disorders(遗传本能与语言错乱) 213 genitive case(领属格) 248, 265, 267, 356, 360–1 and possessors in Child English(儿童英语中的领属格和领有者) 359–61 Georgian alphabet(乔治亚字母表) 119 German(德语) 81, 162, 164, 206, 231, 321–4 clause structure in(德语中的小句结构) 321–4 movement in (德语中移位)322–3 operator questions in (德语中的算子疑问句)323–4 SLI in(德语中的SLI) 383–5 strong C in finite clauses in(德语中的强C) 323 strong T in finite clauses in(德语中的强T) 323 yes-no questions in(德语中的是非问句) 324 Germanic (日耳曼语)164, 224, 231 Glides(滑音) 33 global aphasia(全局性失语症) 11 glottal fricative(声门擦音) 33, 47 glottalisation(声门化) 82 glottal plosive (glottal stop) (声门爆破音(声门塞音))34 Goal(目标/终点) 334 Gordon, P. (人名)192 grammar of a language(一种语言的语法) 2–6, 81, 83, 120, 238, 306, 345, 350, 407 grammatical categories(语法语类)247 in acquisition(习得中的语法语类) 186–8 in sentence comprehension(句子理解中的语法语类) 200 grammatical functions(语法功能) 247–50, 262 grammatical (morphosyntactic) word(语法(形态-句法)词) 146, 159 Greek (希腊语)160, 225 Greek alphabet(希腊字母表) 119 Grice, P. (人名)396–7, 398, 402 Grimshaw, J. (人名)302 Grodzinsky, Y. (人名)380–2 gutturals(侯音,腭音) 78 Halliday, M.(人名) 97 hard palate(硬腭) 31 harmony(和谐) consonant (辅音和谐)99 lateral(边音和谐) 101–4 velar(软腭音和谐) 99, 101 vowel(元音和谐) 99–100 Hawaiian(夏威夷语) 81 Head(核心成分) of compounds(复合词的核心) 148 of phrases(短语或词组的核心) 257–61 head-driven phrase structure grammar(核心驱动短语结构语法) 246 head first word order(核心在首的词序) 321, 350 head last word order(核心在尾的词序) 321 head movement(核心移位) 293–6, 298, 306 Head Movement Constraint (HMC)(核心移位限制) 318, 324 Head Position Parameter(核心位置参数) 321, 349, 350–1, 361 Head Strength Parameter(核心强度参数) 314 Hebrew(希伯莱语)215, 380, 381 Henry, A. (人名)300 high as phonological feature(高舌位作为音系特征) 413 high vowels(高元音) 36, 109–10 historical linguistics(历史语言学) 15–16 Hoekstra, T. (人名)373 Holmes, J. (人名)49 host for clitic(附着形式的宿主) 151 Hungarian(西班牙语) 38, 99, 156, 224, 267, 360 Hyams, N. (人名)351–2, 359–61 Hyponyms(下位词) 172 in Wernicke’s aphasia(维尼克失语症中的下位词) 218 hyponymy(上下位关系) 170–3, 177, 178, 194 Icelandic(冰岛语) 230 Idealisation(理想化) 409 identification experiment(鉴别/识别实验) 110–11, 112 identification of null subject(空主语的识别) 320, 352 identity of meaning (see synonymy)(意义的同一性(参见同义关系)) imaging techniques (成像技术)13 imperative (祈使句/式)254, 394–5 implicational scale(含义等级) 55–6 implicit (understood) subject(隐性(理解出来的)主语) 277, 351 incomplete phrase(未完成短语/词组) 261–2 incorporation(并入) 160–1 independence of language faculty(语言能力的独立性) 11, 377 indirect speech acts(间接言语行为) 394–5 inferences in conversation(会话中的推理) 400 infinite nature of language(语言的无限性) 3–4, 260 infinitive(不定式) 134 infinitive particle(不定式小品词) 259–60 as non-finite T(不定式作为非有定的T) 259 infinitive phrase (不定式短语/词组)259 infix(中缀) 163 INFL as grammatical category(屈折语素作为语法的语类) 261 inflection (屈折)143 in English(英语中的屈折) 137 in grammar(语法中的屈折) 136 inflectional categories(屈折语类) 136 as deictic(屈折语类终于哦为指示语) 389 inflectional errors(屈折错误) in agrammatism (语法缺失中的屈折错误)378 in SLI(SLI中的屈折错误) 219–21, 385 inflectional formative(屈折的构成) 145 inflectional languages(屈折语) 156, 158–9, 160 inflectional morphology(屈折形态学) 143, 144–8 in compounds (复合词中的屈折形态学)150 in language acquisition(语言习得中的曲折形态学) 187, 188–92 inflectional paradigms in aphasia(失语症中的屈折变化表) 216 inflectional properties(屈折特征) 137 inflectional rules (see morphological processes)(屈折规则)(参见形态过程) inflectional systems (屈折系统)156 informational encapsulation(信息封装) 201 ‘information’ in categories(语类中的信息) 195–6 information structure(信息结构) 390–1 innateness hypothesis(内在性假说) 7, 11, 213, 349–50, 361, 408 input representations in child phonology (儿童音系中的输入表达式)103–6 Instrument(工具/用事) 333 interaction and variation(互动和变异) 54 interdentals (齿间音)31 interrogative(疑问(句)) 253–4, 394–5 interrogative complement(疑问性补语) 299–300, 303 interrogative interpretation(疑问句阐释)300–2, 341 interrogative operator(疑问算子) 302–3 intonation(语调) 43–4 intonational change (语调变化)71–2 Inuit(因纽特语) 119 inversion(倒置、倒装) in questions(疑问句中的倒置现象) 294–6, 300, 316, 322 in varieties of English(英语变异中的倒置) 311–14 IPA (International Phonetic Association)(国际语音学会)27–44, 411 Irish Gaelic (爱尔兰盖尔语)225 Irony(反语) 397 Iroquoian(伊洛魁语的) 161 isolating languages(孤立语) 156, 157 Italian(意大利语) 214, 224, 230, 380 aphasic speech in(意大利语中的失语症者的言语) 215, 380, 381–2 Jamaican Vernacular English (JVE)(牙买加英语土语) 313–14 weak C in(牙买加英语土语中的弱C) 314 Japanese(日语) 38, 78, 81, 160 topic marking in(日语中的话题) 391–2 Jones, D. (人名)27 labelled bracketing(带标签的加方括弧法) 141, 258 labelled tree diagram(带标签的树形图) 141–2, 258 labials(唇音) 34 labiodentals(唇齿音) 31 Labov, W. (人名)16, 56, 57–8, 66–7, 68, 70 language contact(语言接触) 227 language change(语言变化) 15–16, 56–8, 61–72 language disorders(语言错乱) 11–14, 408 Language Faculty(语言官能) 7–9, 280, 349–50 language games(语言游戏) 117 language shift(语言变换) 15 language use(语言运用) and the structure of society(语言运用与社会结构) 14–16 language variation(语言变异) 15 laryngeal fricative (see glottal fricative)(喉擦音(参见声门擦音)) larynx(喉) 28 Lashley, K.(人名) 116–17 lateral as phonological feature(边音作为音系特征) 413 lateral harmony(边音和谐) 101–4 laterals(边音) 33 in child phonology(儿童音系中的边音) 100–4 Latin(拉丁语) 157–60, 165, 224, 225, 391 Latin alphabet (拉丁语字母(表))119 lax vowels(松元音) 38, 77 lemma(词条的内容) 205–7 retrieval of(词条内容的恢复) 207–9 lesions of the brain(大脑的损伤) 11 levels of linguistic analysis(语言分析的层次/级) 76–7, 78, 106, 120 Levelt, P.(人名) 205 level tones(直线调,水平调) 43 lexeme (词位)143–4, 145, 146, 205 lexical attrition(词汇磨损) 228 lexical categories(词汇语类) 129–32, 247 lexical diffusion(词汇扩散) 68–70 lexical entry(词条) 4, 78, 128, 129, 131, 138, 147–8, 152, 170, 176–8, 191–2, 219–20, 238, 287, 335, 407 v. concept(词条和概念) 205, 225 lexical functional grammar (词汇功能语法)245 lexical gap(词汇空缺) 174 lexical learning(词汇学习) 349 lexical recognition(词汇认知) 201–3, 207–9 lexical stress (see word stress)(词汇重音)(参见词重音) lexical substitutions in speech errors(语误中的词汇替换) 207 lexical tone(词调) 43 lexical verbs(词汇性动词) 133 lexicon(词库)4, 128, 131, 137–8, 147–8, 170–6, 199, 203, 217–18, 238, 345, 354, 407 grammatical properties in(词库中的语法特征) 4, 147 phonological properties in(词库中的音系特征) 4, 147 psycholinguistics and(心理语言学和词库) 204–10 semantic properties in (语义特征)4, 147 LF component of a grammar(语法的LF部分) 5, 407 Linear B(线性B) 119 linguistically determined variation(由语言决定着的变异,语言性质的变异) 54–6 linguistic experience of the child(儿童的语言经验) 7–8 linguistic variables and language use (语言的可变性和语言应用) 47–58 Linking Rules(链接规则) 335 Liquids(流音) 33 Literary Welsh (威尔士文学语言)164–5 Litotes(间接肯定法) 397 Liverpool(利物浦) 63 local attachment preferences(局部附加优势)372–3 localisation of brain function(大脑功能的侧化) 11–13 Location(处所,位置) 334 Logical Form (LF) (逻辑形式)5, 246, 330, 339–45, 407 logical object (逻辑宾语)5 logical subject(逻辑主语) 5, 374 logic of conversation(会话逻辑) 395–7 London(伦敦) 65 long vowels(长元音) 37–8 low as phonological feature(低舌位作为音系特征) 413 low vowels(低元音) 36, 109–10 McMahon, A. (人名)232–3 McNeill, D. (人名)286 Malay(马来语) 224 Manner, Maxim of(方式,方式准则) 397 manner of articulation(发音方式) 29–30, 33 and language change(发音方式和语音变化) 62–3 Maori(毛利语) 161, 225 Maximal Onset Principle(首音最大化原则) 82 Meaning(意义) in sentence perception(句子感知中的意义) 200 meaning inclusion ( see also hyponymy) (意义包含(参见上下位关系))172, 178 meaning opposites(意义对立) 175–6 memory for syntax(句法记忆) 366 merger(合并) 257–62, 306, 345, 407 constraints on (合并的条件限制)264 meronyms(部分关系词) 174 meronymy(整体-部分关系) 173–4, 208 metalanguage(元语言) 336–7, 339 Meyerhoff, M. (人名)51 mid closed vowels(中闭元音/半闭元音) 38 Middle English(中古英语) 231 mid open vowels(中开元音/半开元音) 38 mid vowels(中元音) 36 Milroy, J.(人名) 51 Milroy, L.(人名) 51 minimal pair(最小比对) 75–6 minimal responses(小型应对语) 15 modifiers in compounds(复合词中的修饰语) 148 monophthongisation(单元音化)64–5 monophthongs(单元音) 38 monosyllabic words(单音节词) 41 mood and speech acts(语气和言语行为) 394–5 morphemes(语素) 140–3 in aphasia(失语症中的语素) 214–17 bound(粘着语素) 140 free(自由语素) 140 as minimal linguistic sign (语素作为最小的语言符号)140, 145 morphological change(形态变化)233–7 morphological development in children (儿童的形态发展)188–92 morphological irregularity (形态的不规则性)137 morphological operations(形态操作) 162–5 morphological processes(形态过程) 140–50, 157–65, 407 dissociation of in SLI(SLI中的形态的分离) 219–20 as features(形态作为特征) 153 phonological conditioning of(形态的音系限制) 152, 220 realisations of(形态的实现) 152 voicing as(浊化作为形态) 164 vowel change as(作为形态的元音变化) 163–4 morphological properties in sentence perception (句子感知中的形态特征)200 morphological variation(形态变异) 233–7 social contact and (社会接触和形态变异)237 morphology(形态学) 140, 165 phonological processes in(形态学中的音系过程) 162–5 morphs(形素) 152 motor control (运动神经控制)109, 113 movement in syntax (句法中的移位)246, 293–306, 340 covert(句法中的隐性移位) 345, 407 in German(德语中句法移位) 322–3 overt(显性句法移位) 345, 407 in sentence comprehension(句子理解过程中的句法移位) 366 Myhill, J. (人名)237 Nahuatl (那瓦特语)161, 224 narrow transcription(严式音标) 77 nasal as phonological feature(鼻音作为音系特征) 85, 412 nasalisation(鼻音化) 40–1 nasals(鼻,鼻音) 30 native speakers as sources of data(母语者作为语言数据的来源) 1 natural classes in phonology(音系中的自然类) 88–9 Navajo(纳瓦霍语) 83, 160 Negation(否定) 133 in Child English(儿童英语中的否定) 104 in CSE(CSE中的否定) 312, 314–20 in EME(EME中的否定) 314–20 negative concord in AAVE(AAVE中的否定一致) 312 negative operator(否定算子) 297 Neogrammarians(新语法学派学者) 68 Neurolinguistics(神经语言学) 1, 11–14 neutral context in lexical decision task(词汇确定任务中的中性语境) 202 new (v. old) information(新信息和旧信息) 390 New York(纽约) 57 New Zealand English(新西兰英语) 66, 71–2, 227, 230 nodes in tree diagrams(树形图中的节点) 258 nominal phrases(名词性短语/词组) in Child English(儿童英语中的名词性词组或短语) 358–61 as D-projections(名词性短语或词组作为D投射) 286, 287, 349, 358, 361 nominative case(主格) 248, 251, 265–6, 356, 360 in AAVE(AAVE中的主格) 272 nominative subjects in Child English(儿童语言中的主格主语) 355–8 noun incorporation(名词并入) 161 nouns(名词) 129–30 and derivational morphology(名词和派生形态学) 144 in language acquisition(语言习得中的名词) 186, 192–6 and person(名词和人称) 135 in taxonomies(分析体系中的名词) 173 non-concatenative morphology(非并置形态学) 165 non-count nouns(非复数名词) 285 non-finite clauses(非定式小句) in Child English(儿童英语中的非定式小句) 353–61 non-finite (v. finite) verb forms(非定式(和定式)动词形式) 251–3 in German SLI(德语SLI中的非定式动词形式) 384–5 non-rhotic dialects(非翘舌音方言) 37–8, 57 non-standard dialects(非标准方言) 15 non-words(非词) perception of (非词的感知)206–7 Norfolk(诺福克)66, 228 Northern Cities Chain Shift(北城市链移)66–7, 68 Northern English(北部英语) 65, 69 Norwich(诺威奇) 49, 235 nucleus of syllable(音节的节核) 41, 79 null constituents (see empty constituents)(空结构成分(参见空成分)) null determiners(空限定词) 283–7 in Child English(儿童英语中的空限定词) 358 null infinitive particle(空不定式小品词) 275 null operator questions in Child English(儿童英语中的空疑问算子) 352 null subject language (空主语语言)320, 351 null subject parameter(空主语参数) 319–20, 349, 352, 353, 361 null subjects(空主语) in Child English(儿童英语中的空主语) 352 in Child Italian(儿童意大利语中的空主语) 353 identification of(空主语的识别) 320, 352 in Japanese(日语中的空主语) 392 in non-finite clauses(非定式小句中的空主语) 353–61 in wh-questions(wh-疑问句中的空主语) 353–4 number(数) 134 errors in agrammatism(语法缺失中的数范畴错误) 380 errors in SLI(SLI中的数范畴错误) 219 object(宾语) 137 objective case (see also accusative case)(宾格) 248 object language(对象语言) 336–7, 339 obstruents(阻塞音)34, 79 Old English(古英语) 230, 231, 232, 233, 236 Old French (古法语)229, 231 old (v. new) information(旧信息) 390 Old Norse(古斯堪的那维亚语) 230 omissions in speech errors(言语失误中的省减现象) 115 onsets of syllables(音节的首音) 79–82 in child language(儿童语言中的节首音) 104 in poetic systems(艺术表达手段系统中的节首音) 118 in speech errors(言语失误中的节首音) 115 operator expressions(算子表达) 297, 340 in German(德语中的算子表达) 323 operator movement(算子移位) 297–302, 304, 306 Optimality Theory(优选论) 90–1 Optional Infinitive (OI) stage(不定式选择性使用阶段) 357–8 orthographic representation(规范书写法,正字法表示法) 84 orthography ( see also writing systems) (正字法(参见书写系统))27 output representations in child phonology (儿童音系中的输出表达式)103–6 overextension in children’s word use(儿童词语运用中的泛化现象) 192–3, 232 overregularisation(过渡规则化) lack of in SLI(SLI中过渡规则化的缺乏) 220 in morphological development(形态发展中的过渡规则化) 190 palatals(腭音,舌面中音) 31 palato-alveolars(舌面-齿龈音) 31 paragrammatism(语法倒错型言语障碍)377, 382–3, 385 parallel-interactive processing models (平行-交互式处理模式)199–204 parameters(参数0 314–24 in language acquisition(语言习得中的参数) 349–54 parameter setting(参数设定) 350–4 parametric variation(参数变异) 314–24 paraphasia(语言错乱) 214–15, 217–19 parser(语法分析器) 9, 372–5 locality and(局部性和语法分析器) 373–5 parsing(句法分析) 366 partitive interpretation of determiners(限定词的部分释义) 284, 303 part–whole relationship (see meronymy)(部分-整体关系(参见整体-部分关系)) passive articulator(被动发音体) 31 passive construction(被动结构) 304–5 passive participle(被动分词) 137, 146, 148 in German(德语中的被动分词) 162 passive voice(被动语态) 137, 146, 305 passivisation(被动化) 306 past participle(过去分词) 136 past tense morpheme in acquisition(习得过程中的过去时语素) 189–90 Patient (see Affected Object)(受事(参见受影响的宾语)) peak of syllable (see nucleus)节峰(参见音核) pejoration and semantic change (意义贬化和语义变化)231 perception of language (see sentence comprehension, speech perception)(语言感知(参见句子理解,言语感知)) perfect aspect(完成体) 136, 146, 252, 261 perfect auxiliary (v. causative verb)(完成体助词(和致使动词)) 274–5 perfect participle(完成体分词) 136, 148, 152–3 in German(德语中的完成体分词) 162 performance (v. competence) (语言行为/运用(和语言能力))3, 9, 367, 370, 375, 388, 408, 409 performatives(施为句) 394 performative verbs(施为动词) 394 perseverations in speech errors(言语错误中的重复症) 115, 117 person(人称) 134 PF component of a grammar(语法的PF部分) 78, 84, 120 pharyngeals(咽,咽部音)35 Philadelphia(费城) 64, 237 Phoenician(腓尼基语)119 Phonemes(音位) 75–8, 110 Phones(音素) 76–7 phonetic conditioning of sound change(声音变化的语音限制) 68 phonetic form (PF)(语音部分) 4–5, 407 phonetic transcription(音标) 27–44 phonological component of a grammar (see also PF component of a grammar) (语法的音系部分(参见语法的PF部分)5, 345, 407 phonological features(音系特征) 85–90 phonological perception in children(儿童的音系感知) 96, 97, 100–6 phonological processes(音系过程) 4–5, 82–5, 86–90, 407 context-free(语境自由音系过程) 99 context-sensitive(语境敏感音系过程) 99 in language acquisition(语言习得中的音系过程) 97–106 in morphology(形态中的音系过程) 162–5 pronunciation rules as(发音规则作为音系过程)104 selection rules as(选择规则作为音系过程) 104 phonological production in children(儿童的音系产生) 96–8, 100–6 phonological rules(音系规则) 98–106 phonological variation(音系变异) 47–58 phonology(音系/音系学) 5 phonotactic constraints(语音构型限制) 80–1 phrasal affix(附加在词组或短语上的语缀) 150–1 phrasal stress(词组或短语重音) 42 phrase (v. clause) (短语或词组(和小句))254, 257–60 in sentence perception(句子感知中的短语或词组) 367 pitch(音高) 42–4 place of articulation(发音部位) 31–3 and language change(发音部位和语言变化) 62 and phonological features(发音部位和音系特征) 86 plosives(爆破音) 29 plural morpheme(表复数的语素) in acquisition(习得中表复数的语素) 188–9 in SLI(SLI中表复数的语素) 220 poetic devices(艺术表达手段) 117–19 polarity items(极性词项) 303 Polish(波兰语) 83 Politeness(礼貌) 15 Pollard, C.(人名) 246 Polysemy(多义) 232 polysyllabic words(多音节词) 41, 81 polysynthetic languages(多式综合语) 160–1 possessives(所有格) in AAVE(AAVE中的所有格) 237 poverty of the stimulus argument(刺激贫乏证据) 8 pragmatics(语用学) 245, 246, 388–400 predicate(谓语,谓词) 247 prefix(前缀) 106, 140 prepositional phrase (PP)(介词短语或词组) 262, 263, 315, 331 in Child English(儿童英语中的介词短语或词组) 350 prepositions(介词) 131, 144, 334 in language acquisition(语言习得中的介词) 187 present participle(现在分词) 136 presupposition(预设) 392–4 and information structure(预设和信息结构) 391, 394 logical(逻辑预设) 393 pragmatic(语用预设) 393–4 prevocalic voicing(元音前浊化) 99 primed context in lexical decision tasks(词汇确定任务中的待发语境) 203 priming experiments(启动实验) 202 Principle of Compositionality(合成性原则) 330–2, 337, 338 Principles and Parameters Theory (PPT) (原则-参数理论)325, 345, 349–50, 354 pro 319 in child language(儿童语言中的原则-参数理论) 351–2 PRO(大指代) 276–8, 282–3, 320, 368 in child language(儿童语言中的大指代) 353–4, 361 probe recognition tasks(探测词识别任务) 369–70 proclitic(前附着形式) 151 progressive aspect(进行体) 136, 146 progressive participle(进行体小品词) 136, 146 in acquisition(习得中的进行体小品词) 189–90 projection(投射) 258 pronouns(代词) 134, 248 and context(代词和语境) 388–400 as determiners(代词作为限定词) 285–7 interpretations of(代词的阐释) 342 personal(人称代词) 134 relative(关系代词) 253 in SLI(SLI中的代词) 219 propositional attitude verbs(命题态度动词) 174 propositions (v. utterances v. sentences)(命题(和话语片断及句子)) 389 prosodic phenomena(韵律现象) 41–4 prototypes(原型或类典型) 181–2, 209–10 in Wernicke’s aphasia(维尼克区失语症中的原型) 217 pseudo-cleft sentences(假分裂句) 282 psycholinguistics(心理语言学) 1 Puerto Rican English(波多黎各英语) 55 push chain(推链) 67 Quality(质), Maxim of(质准则) 396 quality in vowels(元音音质) 37 quantificational DPs(量化DPs) 330, 339, 341 Quantity(量), Maxim of(量准则) 396 quantity in vowels(元音中的量) 37 question operator(疑问算子) 302–3, 324 questions(疑问(句)) in Child English(儿童英语中的疑问(句)) 352, 353–4 in CSE(CSE中的疑问(句)) 316 in EME(EME中的疑问(句)) 316 formation of(疑问(句)的构成) 133 in German(德语中的疑问(句)) 323–4 interpretation as (作为疑问句加以解释)300–2 wh-in-situ(疑问词在原位的疑问句) 297 yes-no(是非问句) 302–3, 323–4 ranking of constraints(限制的等级) 90–1 rapidity of first language acquisition(第一语言习得的迅捷性) 6 ‘r’-colouring(翘舌色彩) 39 reactivation of copies(拷贝的再激活) 370 realisation of morphological processes(形态过程的再实现) 152 Received Pronunciation (RP)(规范发音) 36, 69 recency effects in psycholinguistics(心理语言学中的近因效应) 369 recipient(接受者) 379 recursion(递归) in compounds(复合词中的递归性) 148 in sentence structure(句子结构中的递归性) 260 redundancy in feature specifications(特征刻画中的冗余性) 85, 87 reduplication(冗余现象) 163 reflexives(卷舌音) 277–8 register(语域) 226 regularity of sound change(语音变化的规律性) 67–8 Relation(相关性), Maxim of(相关准则) 396, 398 Relevance Theory(关联理论) 398–400, 402, 409 resonance(共鸣、共振) 28 retroflex(卷舌(现象)) 33, 35 rhetoric(修辞的) 395 rhyme (rime) (韵,押韵)79 in poetry(诗歌中的押韵) 118 Rips, L.(人名) 210 Rizzi, L. (人名)280, 352–3 Roberts, I. (人名)302 Romance(罗曼语) 151 Root(词根) 140, 145 Rosch, E. (人名)196 rounded as phonological feature(圆唇作为音系特征) 413 rounding(圆唇) 36, 39–40 rule deficit hypothesis in SLI(SLI中的规则缺损假说) 219–20 Russell, B. (人名)338 Russian(俄语) 38, 160, 214, 215, 224, 381 Sacks, H. (人名)398 Sag, I. (人名)246 Samoan(萨摩亚人(语)) 161 scan-copier model of speech production (言语产生的扫描-拷贝模型)116–17 schwa vowel(央元音) 36, 83 segments(音段) 41, 75 in speech errors(语误中的音段) 114, 118–19 in writing systems(书写系统或文字系统中的音段) 118–19 selection(选择) 264, 266–8, 345 selectional properties of auxiliaries(助动词的选择特征) 267 selective impairment of brain function(大脑功能的选择性损伤) 11, 216 Sells, P. (人名)311 semantic broadening(语义的夸大) 230 semantic change (语义变化)228–33 semantic component of a grammar(语法的语义部分) 345, 407 semantic comprehension(语义理解) 200, 408 semantic narrowing(语义的缩小) 231 semantic similarity(语义的相似性) rating of (语义相似率)210 in Wernicke’s aphasia(维尼克失语症中的语义相似性) 218–19 semantics in acquisition(习得的语义学) 192–6 sentence comprehension(句子理解) 366–74 sentence–picture matching task(句子-图画匹配任务)379–80 sentence processing(句子处理) strategies of (句子处理策略)370–4 sentences (v. utterances v. propositions)(句子(和话语片断及命题)) 389 Senufo(赛努夫语) 81 Separation Hypothesis(分割假说) 153, 156, 165 Serbo-Croatian(塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语) 43 serial-autonomous processing models (序列自动处理模型)199–204 Shakespearian English (see Early Modern English)(莎士比亚英语)(参见早期现代英语) short-term memory (短时记忆)366, 369, 373–4 short vowels(短元音) 36–7 Sign Languages(符号语言) 25 social class and language use(社会阶层与语言使用) 48 social contact and morphological variation(社会接触和形态变异) 237 social nature of language(语言的社会属性) 1 social network links(社会网络链) 51, 237 sociolinguistics(社会语言学) 14–16 sociological variables(社会变量) 47–52 soft palate (see velum)(软腭) sonorant as phonological feature(响音作为音系特征) 412 sonorants(响音) 34, 79 sonority(响度) 80 sonority principle(响度原则) 80–1 sound change(语音变化)56–8, 61–72 sound source(声源) 28 Source (源点,来源)334 South African English(南部非洲英语)68 Spanish(西班牙语)0 83, 151, 160, 389 species-specificity of the language faculty(语言官能的物种特异性) 8–9 Specific Language Impairment (SLI) (特定/特异性语言损伤)13–14, 213,219–21, 377, 383–5, 408 dissociations in(SLI中的分离现象) 219–20 therapy for (SLI治疗)383, 384, 385 word order and 383–5 specifier (标示语)262, 281, 297, 299, 300, 315, 322, 323 specifier–head agreement(标示语-核心一致关系) 265, 353 speech acts(言语行为) 38 indirect(间接言语行为) 394–5 speech perception(言语感知) 109–13 speech production(言语生成) 109, 113–17, 207–9 mechanisms of (言语生成机制)28–41 Sperber, D. (人名)398, 402 spirantisation(螺旋化) 62–3 spoonerisms (斯布讷现象)114–15 spreading(散布,扩展) 101 stable sociolinguistic variables(稳态社会变量) 16 stable variation(稳态变异) 234–5 standard languages(标准语) 15 stem(词干) 145, 147 stem-based inflection(基于词干的屈折) 160, 215, 216 stopping in child phonology(儿童音系中的塞音化)99 stops(塞音) 86 stories(故事,新闻报道) 245 Stray Deletion (Stray Erasure) (离群者删除(离群者擦除))105 Stress(重音) 5, 41–2 in language change(语言变化中的重音) 70–1 and phonological alternations(重音和音系交替或更替) 83 phrasal(词组或短语的重音) 42 secondary(次重音) 42 word(词重音) 42 in word recognition(词识别中的重音) 200 strident as phonological feature)(锐音,强噪音作为音系特征) 412 structural ambiguity(结构歧义) in compounds (复合词中的结构歧义)149 in sentence processing(句子处理中的结构歧义) 370–3 in sentences(句子中的结构歧义) 331–2 structural continuity in language acquisition(语言习得中的结构连续性) 354, 357, 361 structural learning(结构的学习) as parameter setting(结构的学习作为参数设定) 349 stylistic variation(风格变异) 53–4 subject (主语)130, 137, 247–9, 262 empty (空主语)(see pro and PRO) in passives(被动句中的主语) 305–6 subject-centred languages(主语突出型语言) 392 subordinate level of categorisation(范畴化的下位层级) 194–6 in Wernicke’s aphasia(维尼克失语症中的范畴化下位层级) 217–18 substitutions in speech errors(语误中的替换) 115, 207, 208 suffix(后缀) 140 Suffolk 228 suggestions(建议行为) 394 Sumerian cuneiform(苏美尔楔形文字) 119 Superordinate(上位的) 172, 208 superordinate level of categorisation(范畴化的上位层级) 194–6 in Wernicke’s aphasia(维尼克失语症中范畴化的上位层级) 217–18 suppletion(异干互补) partial(部分异干互补) 152 total (整体异干互补)152 suprasegmental change(超音段变化) 70–2 suprasegmental level (超音段层级)41 suprasegmentals(超音段特征) 41–4 surface representation (surface form) (表层表达式(表层形式))84–5, 86–90 in child phonology(儿童音系中的表层表达式) 102, 106 Swahili(斯瓦希里语) 160 syllabification(音节划分,划分音节) 81–2 syllables(音节)41, 78–82 in child phonology(儿童音系中的音节) 99 in poetry(诗歌中的音节) 118 in speech errors (语误中的音节)115, 116–17 in writing systems(书写系统中的音节) 119 syllable templates in child phonology(儿童音系中音节的模型) 104–5 synchronic method in historical linguistics (see also apparent-time method)(历史语言学中的共时方法(参见视时方法)) 16 syncretism(综合现象) 159 synonymy (同义关系)174–5, 209 syntactic component of a grammar(语法中的句法部分) 4, 407 syntactic disorders(句法错乱) 377 and language comprehension(句法错乱和语言理解) 377 and language production(句法错乱和语言产生) 377 syntactic illusions(句法幻象) 374 syntactic parameters(句法参数) 314–24 syntactic variation(句法变异) 311–20, 409 tableaux in Optimality Theory (优选论中的图表)91 Tagalog(他加禄语) 162–3 tag questions(附加疑问句) 273–4 tap(闪音) 34 taxonomy (分类体系)172–3, 181, 194–5, 217–18 -t/-d deletion(-t/-d删除)54–6 Tehran(德黑兰) 49 telegraphic speech in Broca’s aphasia(布洛卡失语症中的电报言语) 214, 217, 381 tense(时) 259 as constituent of clauses(时作为小句的结构成分) 259–60 as deictic(时作为指示语) 389 empty(空时) 271–6, 284 finite (v. non-finite)(有定的时(和无定的时)) 259, 261, 265–6 marking in Child English(儿童英语中的时标记) 357–8 tense phrase (TP)(时短语) 259–60, 261–2, 264 incomplete (T’) (不完整的时短语)262, 264 tense vowels(紧元音) 38, 77 texts(篇章) 245 thematic (θ-) roles (题元角色)333–5 Theme(主题) 334, 379 third person singular present morpheme(第三人称单数现在时语素) in acquisition (习得中的第三人称单数现在时语素)189–90 allomorphy in(第三人称单数现在时语素的形位变体) 220 in SLI(SLI中的第三人称单数现在时语素)220 tone (声调)42–3 tone languages(声调语言) 43 Tongan(东干语) 161 tongue twisters(绕口令) 114 topic (v. comment) (话题(和评述))249, 281, 322, 389–92 topicalisation (话题化)306 topic-centred languages (话题突出型语言)392 topic–comment articulation(话题-评述接合) 391 trace of movement (see copy)(移位的语迹(参见拷贝)) transition problem in historical linguistics(历史语言学中的过渡问题) 61, 67–70 transition relevant places(转化关联位置) 401 Travis, L. (人名)318 tree structures in sentence comprehension(句子理解中的数结构) 366 Trudgill, P. (人名)49, 235 truncation(截除现象) 352–3, 361 truth conditions(真值条件) 336–9, 344, 388 T Strength Parameter(T强度参数) 317, 349 T-to-C movement (T到C的移位)295, 313, 316 in AAVE(AAVE中T到C的移位) 312 in German(德语中T到C的移位) 322–3 Turkish(土耳其语) 99–100, 156–7, 157–8, 224, 391 turn-taking in conversation(会话中的话轮转换) 400–2 umlaut(元音变音) 164 underlying representations(底层表达式) 83–5, 86–90 in child phonology(儿童语言中的底层表达式) 101, 102, 106, 140 underspecification(欠刻画,未细化) of functional categories in agrammatism(语法缺失现象中功能语类的欠刻画现象) 380–2 of functional categories in Child(儿童语言中的欠刻画现象) English(英语的欠刻画现象) 361 of phonological features(音系特征的欠刻画现象) 87 uniformity in first language acquisition(第一语言习得中的无差异性) 6 Uniformity Principle(一致性原则) 280–1 Universal Grammar (UG)(普遍语法) 6, 87, 90, 232, 287, 311, 377, 408 principles of(普遍语法的原则) 8, 280, 318, 325, 349, 354, 358, 359, 361 universals in sociolinguistics (社会语言学中的普遍性)16 utterances (v. sentences v. propositions) 话语片断(和句子及命题)388–9 uvulars(小舌音)35 Valian, V. (人名)353 variables in information structure (信息结构中的变量)390–1 variables in LF(LF中的变量) 338–9, 340, 341 variables in sociolinguistics(社会语言学中的变量) 15 variation(变异) age and (年龄和变异)235–6 interactional determination of(变异的互动决定性) 54 lexical(词汇变异) 409 linguistic determination of(变异的语言决定性) 54–6 morphological(形态变异) 233–7 parametric(参数的变异) 314–24 phonological(音系的变异) 409 social contact and (社会接触与变异)237 stable(稳定性变异) 234–5 stylistic(风格变异) 53–4 syntactic(句法变异) 246, 311–20 velars(软腭音) 31 velum(软腭) 30 verb phrase (VP)(动词短语)257–8, 264 in Child English(儿童英语中的动词短语) 350 verbs(动词) 129–30 base form of(动词的基础形式) 135, 252–3, 266–7 and derivational morphology(动词和派生形态学) 144 -d form of(动词的-d形式) 136, 146, 252 infinitive form(动词的不定式) 253 inflectional categories of(动词的屈折范畴) 136 -ing form of(动词的-ing形式) 136, 146–7, 252, 266–7 intransitive(不及物动词) 137 in language acquisition(语言习得中的动词) 187 morphological properties in English(英语中动词的形态特性) 135–7 -n form of (动词的-n形式)136, 146, 252, 266–7, 305 -s form of(动词的-s形式) 135, 252 in taxonomies(分类体系中的动词) 173 tense and(时和动词) 136 transitive(及物动词) 137 Vietnamese(越南语) 156 vocal cords (vocal folds)(声带) 28 vocal tract (声道)28, 30 voice box (see larynx)(音箱(参见喉)) voiced as phonological feature(浊作为音系特征) 85, 413 Voice Onset Time (VOT) (浊音起始时间)112–13 Voicing(浊化) 34 change as morphological process(浊化作为形态过程) 164 in child language(儿童语言中的浊化) 99 in language change (语言变化中的浊化)61–2 and speech perception(浊化和言语感知)112 vowel change as morphological process(元音变化作为形态过程) 163–4 vowel length(元音的音长) 77 vowel reduction(远因弱化) 84–5 vowels(元音) 29, 36–41 continuous perception of(元音的连续感知) 110–11 in language change(语言变化中的元音) 64–7 mergers(元音合并) 65–6 quality in(元音的音质) 37 quantity in(元音中的音量) 37 splits(元音分裂/分裂) 65 V-to-T movement in EME(EME中V到T的移位) 316–17, 320, 352 Wellington(华盛顿) 49 Wernicke, C. (人名)13 Wernicke’s aphasia(维尼克失语症) 214–15, 217–19, 377, 382–3 Wernicke’s area(维尼克区) 13 Wexler, K. (人名)357 wh-in-situ questions(疑问词留在原位的疑问句) 297 wh-movement(疑问词移位) 298 wh-operator(疑问算子) 297 Wilson, D. (人名)398, 402 Wisbech(威斯贝奇) 70 word-association experiments(词关联实验)209 word-based inflection(基于词的屈折)159–60, 216 word exchanges(词语调换) 207, 208 in paragrammatism(语法倒错性言语障碍中的词调换) 382 word-finding difficulties in paragrammatism(语法倒错言语障碍中的找词困难) 383 word form(词的形式) 143–4, 146, 159 word formation(词的构成) 131 word/non-word decision tasks(词/非词判定任务) 202–3 word order(词序) acquisition of (词序的习得)350–1 differences(词序差异) 311–19, 321–4 errors in SLI(特定语言损伤中的词序) 383–5 words(词) 127–8 in aphasia(失语症中的词)128, 214–19 in language acquisition(语言习得中的词) 128 word stress(词重音) 42 writing systems(书写系统) 117, 119 written languages(书面语) 25 Yawelmani(雅维尔玛尼语) 81 Yes-no questions(一般疑问句) 302–3 in German (德语中的一般疑问句)325 in EME(初期现代英语中的一般疑问句) 316 yod-dropping(yod脱落) 63 Yoruba(亚鲁巴语) 40, 42 Index(索引) 433 本文来源:https://www.dywdw.cn/542e1a1ea02d7375a417866fb84ae45c3b35c269.html